B Midterm Free Essays

Purchasers Perspective From a shoppers point of view, we are continually searching for approaches to introduce ourselves well to people in general - ? regardless of whether we do it intentionally or unknowingly. A few customers need to be seen as the â€Å"Geeky Gadget’, consistently on the ascent to possess the first class shrewdness (requirement for uniqueness, P. 161). We will compose a custom exposition test on B Midterm or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now This is likewise a genuine case of how this purchaser takes part in impression the executives, P. 122, to emphatically keep up their open Image. The manner in which an individual tries to seek after their optimal self may assume a significant job n driving this change. For instance, an individual who carts Steve Job’s imaginative and inventive character might need to get creative by partner him/herself with Apple items (perfect self, P. 122). An alternate model in how an individual’s discernment about claiming the most recent or freshest telephone is through their all-inclusive self. For instance, a fascinating investigation led by Google demonstrated how â€Å"people are utilizing portable to change all parts of their life† (Michael Oliver, 2013). Besides, most tidied clients esteem their telephones so much that it comes their personality (expanded self, P. 28). Company’s Perspective interestingly, from a company’s viewpoint, an organization’s culture can shape their methodology dependent on their fundamental beliefs and convictions. For example, an organization that underlines the estimations of advancement, learning, and imagination can impact their employees’ practices to get inventive and innova tive in making new items (values, P. 174). 2. Brief Situation on Consumer Behavior People’s choices to live economically rely upon an assortment of variables including their inspiration, way of life, and timing. Inspiration Conflict One explanation individuals might be curtailing spending is because of persuasive clash. For instance, I bought a Samsung Galaxy SO in light of the fact that trust it fulfilled every one of my needs. Then again, be that as it may, I needed to endure the results of paying a costly charge (approach-shirking strife, P. 99). Since I have put resources into something costly that I accept will keep going me quite a while, I am not ready to invest cash or energy searching for another tidied. Pecking order of Needs People can likewise be decreasing relying upon where they right now remain on the degrees of their needs. Purchasers who have fulfilled their lower-level needs and need to satisfy their upper needs might be eager to expend more to arrive. Then again, if buyers feel that their lower level needs haven’t been met, they will stay in that level until they no longer feel disappointed. For instance, an understudy who is battling to pay lease may not probably go through cash for a tidied to feel associated with her friends. When she has earned enough cash from her low maintenance employment to take care of all her lease and has satisfied her need of security, she may proceed onward to fulfill her requirement for belongingness. Way of life Another motivation behind why customers are not ready to spend is a direct result of their way of life. A person’s social class ought to be comprehended as it assumes an immense job in impacting what type and amount buyers purchase (Boundless, n. D. ). Customers in the privileged have a more elevated level of discretionary cashflow, and accordingly, are happy to spend more on extravagance great things than those with less discretionary cashflow. 3. Multi-trait Model: Smartened Decisions Attribute (I) Importance (l) Beliefs (B) telephone 6 as uncelebrated Galaxy AS BlackBerry Passport Fast Processor 5 4 Large Built-in Storage High Camera Quality 3 Eng Battery Life Easy Navigation Attitude Score 65 72 69 53 The five characteristics that are generally significant for me as far as choosing what tidied to buy includes the processor speed, huge implicit stockpiling, top notch camera, long battery life, lastly, the simplicity of route. L When surveying a phone’s characteristics, did some exploration and read over some item audits and proposals dependent on utilization networks, p. . I additionally thought about my positive and negative encounters In utilizing a tidied. For instance, the quick receptors and long battery life properties show the most noteworthy load of significance since esteem the presentation of a telephone as far as its speed and capacity to keep going quite a while. Charging a telephone a few times each day w as horrendously badly designed, and in this way built up a negative demeanor towards the presentation of that telephone (utilitarian capacity, P. 187). As to table above, Samsung Galaxy SO positioned the most elevated with a general demeanor score of 72. As I accomplished progressively inside and outside research on each tidied (comprehension), I esteemed a great deal of the qualities Samsung Galaxy promotion offered (influence) making me buy the item (high contribution chain of command, P. 189). Likewise, my demeanor object towards Samsung items has created after some time, setting up a solid brand unwaveringness (disguising, level of responsibility, p. 293). Additionally hold a solid bias towards the Samsung brand, which implements me to purchase their items paying little mind to what value it is (brand value, P. 163). 4. Improving the picture of the BlackBerry Passport to University-matured Students The most reduced positioned telephone under the multi-property model is the BlackBerry Passport with a general disposition score of 53. Be that as it may, in what manner would marketers be able to improve the picture of this telephone to draw in college matured understudies? Benefiting from Relevant Advantage Blackberry’s Passport tidied positioned generally high with a score of 4 on both quick processor and enormous implicit stockpiling. Since the property worked in Storage sees low significance, advertisers can stress the comfort of having enough stockpiling as though you were to bring a smaller than normal PC. Workstations have immense capacity, and if buyers see that the BlackBerry telephone holds an adequately enormous capacity part, it can fortify the nearness of the sharpen. Reinforce Perceived Product-property Link Although BlackBerry’s simplicity of route positioned low significance, advertisers can adjust a purchasers mentality towards this quality with the goal that they are fittingly taught on the most proficient method to explore the gadget. For instance, improving comprehension on the most proficient method to utilize the tidied. Include a New Attribute Since numerous college understudies esteem the component of accommodation, Blackberry can include an element where as opposed to paying for a buy through a credit or platinum card, clients can pay through their telephone. Besides, BlackBerry can likewise profit by is their physical console. This can be an enormous factor in utilizing purchaser inclinations on having the option to truly contact catches. Impact Competitors’ Ratings It is extremely pivotal for advertisers to consider keeping up a continuous bond or relationship with their purchasers as this is one of the components of keeping them inspired to remain faithful. This is for the most part the hardest activity as it is convoluted to convince steadfast purchasers of a contender to change to BlackBerry. Remembering this, BlackBerry can build up a notoriety for being the most sorted out tidied. For instance, they can promote how they support numerous understudy clubs and organizations to keep groups sorted out and associated. 5. Changing Consumer Behavior through Instrumental Conditioning Apple can change purchaser conduct towards unlawful music downloads through instrumental molding from numerous points of view utilizing encouraging feedback and negative fortification. Variable-stretch Reinforcement Variable-span fortification is an incredible method to check illicit downloading of music. For each music download a buyer buys, Apple can compensate them with a PIP restrictive go to a show of their top empty music craftsman. For instance, if a buyer reliably downloaded One Republic’s music, tunes can advise them that One Republic is having a forthcoming show in their close by area and prize them with the select PIP tickets alongside a companion. This is likewise a genuine case of recurrence advertising, P. 2. A Combination of Positive and Negative Reinforcement Another conceivable elective Apple can do is utilize negative support as an approach to decrease the conduct of downloading illicit music. Apple can make an inherent program inside tunes that permits them to examinations which source the USIA originated from and blame the shopper by publicizing it on their tunes library (blame, P. 114). What's more, they can likewise confine the capacity of melodies a buyer can enter in their library dependent on the quantity Of various sources the music originated from. The most effective method to refer to B Midterm, Papers

Beneath †Original writing Essay

Therapy starts. Monday morning, it was a major surge. I needed to pack the kids’ snacks and watch after them as they left for school. It was Kelly’s first day at junior school, and Michelle’s at optional school. I don’t know why, however as I shut the front entryway I had streak backs of my first day at optional school. I got stressed. Michelle is a great deal like me when I was her age. To my kids, I am a typical decent mother, customary like everybody else’s mother. That is the manner by which they see me. They know nothing about my past†¦ It was an agonizingly hot and bright day †July 30th 1993. I feared the second the dawn started. I felt an enormous protuberance at the rear of my throat, my head was beating, and beads of cold perspiration streamed down my brow. I used to be an ordinary, calm, and respectful individual at the same time, all that changed when I met Camryn Barnes. After the initial multiple times, I guaranteed myself I could never do it again. However here I was with the mallet in my grasp crushing the new lock on the school entryway. It tumbled to the ground making a boisterous unexpected clamor, which made me hop despite the fact that it was normal. I ran towards the school building, however the school entryways were completely bolted up. After around an hour of battling through one of the innovation division windows, I figured out how to crush in. I raced to Dr Daniel’s office, pushing the entryway open. There, gazing toward me with his beady bruised eyes was Cuddles †Dr Daniel’s hamster. I had my gear prepared and afterward I opened the pen entryway getting the little rat with my trembling hands. I murmured to him in the dimness, â€Å"Don’t stress, it’ll just take a second. † I ventured into the rear of my ragged pants pockets and pulled out the well honed penknife. Tears poured down my face. One, Two, Three. I did it. My hand was soaked in new, warm blood. I dropped Cuddles on the floor and withdrew back to the innovation office. I can in any case recollect the chilly beady looked at gaze Cuddles had given me as I pulled the folding knife out of him. I recall a comparable articulation from the past casualties. I returned to Camryn significantly faster this time. Camryn was pacing outside and when she saw me she motioned to me to hustle just a bit. I half ran and half ran. At the point when I contacted her, she grasped my wrist and pulled me alongside her. I looked at her delightful tanned face and saw the mollified grin showed along her lips. I could nearly hear her pulse, and taste her concept of sweet fulfillment. At the point when we contacted her home, she hauled me to her room at that point jumped onto her red folded bed and commenced her scraped coaches. â€Å"Did you do it? Did you ‘top the small rodent? † she asked with eagerness. There was a vindictive sparkle in her green eyes. I gestured gazing at my sweat-soaked bloodstained hands. There was a colossal knot in the rear of my throat, my stomach stirred. I couldn’t take it any more, â€Å"You said we’d never do it again! Wasn’t slaughtering Jackie’s budgie, Peter’s feline and Ellie’s turtle enough? Why Dr Daniel’s hamster? Why? † Camryn remained strong with a grimace wrinkling up close to her finely culled eyebrows. â€Å"What’s amiss with you? Dr Daniels bombed me in English! I buckled down for him! He got what he merited! † An unexpected displeasure flushed through my body, â€Å"Like the others got what they merited?! † Looking at Camryn, and seeing her fulfilled acknowledgment from her control, I needed to leave. I strolled home, showered and afterward lay in bed. I looked at my advanced clock†¦ it read 6:16am. I made a decent attempt, yet neglected to nod off. It was just a couple of hours, however appeared as though days cruising by. In the end my mom came into my space to perceive any reason why I was not prepared for school. â€Å"I don’t feel well,† I mumbled. Mother recklessly shook her head and left only me. A month prior I used to be truly near my mom, yet now I simply appear to need to drive her away and out of my life. It was as though I gave up all that I adored for Camryn. My mom, my old companions and, my sense of pride. In the long run I nodded off. Underneath my shut eyes, my musings turned before my eyes. All I saw was excellent, cold water, swells shimmering. That was the place I needed to be. I woke up and changed into my preferred garments. I recognized what I was doing. I felt bleary eyed however overlooked the nauseous inclination. I sat on the floor and jotted a note for my mom. I used to compose little sonnets to my mom a long time back. I realized that was what I needed to do now. I despite everything recall what I wrote in the sonnet, in exactly the same words. â€Å"June year 1993, on the 25th day, The day I changed, halted to ask, I made guarantees, made to break, But it’ll be finished, while I lie in this lake, I have an inclination that I’m, spiraling into a profound dull opening, Hopefully this profundity, can contain my spirit, What I’m attempting to state, dear mother, I’m Sorry, For claiming to be so playful and dapper, Sorry mum, I didn’t intend to, I’ll be considering you completely. â€Å"

Latino Cultural Center

Latino Cultural Center Hidden from most of the hustle and bustle of classes and rushing to the next thing in life via the infinite corridor is the basement of the student center. This is home to a post office, dry cleaners, the ID card office, and most importantly, the Latino Cultural Centers office and lounge. It may feel somewhat eerie the first time you go down there (maybe its just a basement thing), but after being officially involved on the LCC board for a semester, its become that place where I go in between classes to have a cup of coffee, get going on my to do list, take a nap, or just catch up with people. Depending on the late-night energy, sometimes this involves people serenading each other with a mariachi hat and jacket. We even decorate it nicely for the holidays, see? In any case, the LCC exists simply to promote and support all of the Latino organizations on campus, which include MAES  (focuses on professional development and outreach), LUChA  (focuses on culture and academics), Casino Rueda  (instruction and performances of different salsa dance styles),  APR  (association of Puerto Rican students), SHPE (Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers), and Mujeres Latinas (Latina Women). We, together with the groups mentioned above, organize events such as Cena a Las Seis (Dinner at 6), which happen(s)/ed during parents weekend in October. ( By the way, meet Franky 15. I met him during CPW a number of years ago that I wont bother to calculate for the sake of not feeling old. Here he is scolding me for not blogging in an eternity) Back to Cena a las Seis, though. The whole MIT community including parents are always invited. This years was pretty fantastic. Except for the part where we ran out of food towards the end. (No, I am not responsible.) But hey, at least even if you didnt get to eat everything you wanted, you still got a show! Here is Diana R 15, (prez of the LCC) doing some ballet folklorico. Usually its held in Walker Memorial, the same building where a significant number of exams are held (on a higher floor). The change of mood is quite interesting. :) Ready for this? Now jump to this weekend, to Sabrosura, a night of dancing and food for the kickoff of the LCCs Mes Latino. Basically, for the month of March we actively promote Latino organizations activities and host Festival de Las Americas an event where all kinds of trivia and information about Latin American culture (and need I say food) are shared with the whole MIT community. Festival this year will be on 3/14. (*smirks amusedly for not realizing it was on pi day until now*) We also host study breaks and review sessions! Thats the LCC in a nutshell. Im happy to be a part of such a vibrant, truly supportive community that occasionally feeds me tortillas and elotes when mi mamita is so far away. I will leave you with a summary of Sabrosura in only 4 points: 1. The exec board got creative. 2. THIS. 3. Casino Rueda taught us how to dance. 4. And a good time was had by all. Post Tagged #Latino Cultural Center #LUChA

Aladian Election Essay - 1566 Words

Over the recent decades, Canada’s political landscape has undergone several shifts with the 2015 elections taking another new course of government. The 2015 elections market Canada’s 29th general elections following a request of the Jim Prentice to the governor of Alberta to dissolve the legislative assembly in April 2015. Further, this marked the fourth time that the people of Alberta changed their system of government. With reference to the provincial election act, the set election date was set and the people of Alberta were allowed to the polls. This election led to the majority of the progressive conservative associations of Alberta (PCs) losing their positions as several New Democratic Party (NDP) aspirants were elected into the†¦show more content†¦In addition, the texts showed more of betrayal forms some of the officials from the PC party. Consequently, one of the strongest party members, Jonathan Denis, the former justice minister interrupted the campai gns in the attempt to attend to the legal proceedings which involved the separated wife. Opinion Polls Influence From the beginning, the consensus that was conducted among various opinion polls indicated that Alberta was to be an NDP province. There were several pre-election polls conducted in the province all showing the popularity of the pc party. This increased the party’s popularity as compared to other parties that were involved in the race. For instance, CBC polls conducted revealed that Mr. Prentice was first with a 38 percent lead then followed by 24 percent Windrose candidate. Also, when same research was conducted in Calgary, the Alberta’s were asked to give the party with which they were affiliated to. The NDP party came the most popular with a percentage of 28 then followed with Wildrose which had 24% popularity. As such, the statistical research affected the voter behavior in the province. In addition, the opinion polls provided some of the information that were useful for the undecided voters and therefore were observed to have impacted in th e swaying of Alberta’s voters. As such, the provisional conservatives’ party found

The Concept Of Cultural Erasure, Inequality And Violence

Postcolonialism: The Concept of Cultural Erasure, Inequality and Violence Colonization can be dated back to 1492 with the Spanish venture led by Columbus. Colonialism is defined as â€Å"The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically† (Oxford Dictionary).This expedition spread European influence worldwide, in places such as China, Lebanon, India, and Antigua. European influence is still prevalent today through the crossing of racial lines and shifting of cultures towards a more ‘civilized’ way of living. Colonialism is still prevalent today, in the form of postcolonialism. Postcolonialism can be defined as America’s benefaction to nations worldwide that include dynamic influences in things such as: government, culture, education and economy. One of the concepts erected from colonialism is globalization. Since globalization is a direct effect of colonial ism, it is no surprise that globalization influences the same categories as postcolonialism (government, culture, education and economy), making the two concepts almost synonymous— with minimal differences. Globalization is defined as the integration of economics and communications of nations through increased contact by technology. Globalization dominates the economic and social side of the field while postcolonialism dwells in the cultural and educational aspects. This European ‘gift’ has contributed to global conflicts,Show MoreRelatedModern Society s Criminal Justice System3383 Words   |  14 Pagesin the government s favour. In a way, the phrase ‘tough on crime’ has become consolidated as one word in our language as political speech deliberately uses it repetitiously. On a metalinguistic level, the phrase ‘tough on crime,’ in relation to cultural behaviours, is used to alleviate of the fear of a disordered society. An utterance which serves a performative function in language and communication in which political figures may utilize security speech acts to obtain certain public responses (HuysmansRead MoreCalculus Oaper13589 Words   |  55 PagesObviously there is a connection here. I believe that much feminist theory and criticism is stranded on this shoal. My organizing impulse is the belief that it is not enough for feminist thought that specifically lesbian texts exist. Any theory or cultural/political creation that treats lesbian existence as a marginal or less natural phenomenon, as mere sexual preference, or as the mirror image of either heterosexual or male homosexual relations is profoundly weakened thereby, whatever its otherRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagestheir willingness to share their time with this competing â€Å"labor of love† and to forgive our own gaps between common sense and common practice. David A. Whetten Kim S. Cameron PREFACE xxi This page intentionally left blank MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   The Critical Role of Management Skills The Importance of Competent Managers The Skills of Effective Managers Essential Management Skills What Are Management Skills? Improving Management Skills An Approach to Skill Development

Allelopathy Free Essays

string(51) " with a single row hand drill in rows 30 cm apart\." Allelopathic potential of crop residues for weed management in wheat under semi-arid conditions of Pakistan Muhammad Ashraf Professor of Agronomy, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. drashraf_150@yahoo. com RATIONALE †¢ Rainfed Wheat- Main winter crop grown by about 80% of the farmers on residual soil moisture, received during monsoon1. We will write a custom essay sample on Allelopathy or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢ Weeds infestation- a major yield reducing factor (25-30%v); †¢ If weeds are controlled, crop yield can be enhanced by about 37%2. 1 Khaliq et al. , 2007) 2 (Bibi et al. , 2005). Cont†¦.. Existing Weed Control systems: †¢ Traditional weed control methods (Hand weeding) are time consuming, weather dependent and labor intensive1 ; + Socio-economic issues:[small land holdings, family size =8, poverty, migration to cities] †¢ Herbicides use is limited in drylands + these are expensive with Environmental hazards2; Reduced Nutritive value of many crops 3 and Herbicide resistance4. 1 (Naveed et al. , 2008) 2 (Mancini et al. , 2008) 3 (Nazarko et al. , 2003). Cont†¦.. †¢ WM programs should focus on environmental safety along with benefits to the farmers. Alternate weed management systems need to be developed aimed to control weeds and raise the income of resource-poor farmers (increased crop yields) without despoiling the natural resource base. ALTERNATE WEED MANAGEMENT OPTIONS †¢ Allelopathy ? a mechanism of plant interference1 is a natural, inexpensive, environmentally safe and an organic approach to control weeds and increase crop yields while cons erving the ecosystem2. †¢ Sorghum is highly allelopathic3 †¢ Sorghum residue may be effectively used to manage some of the important weeds in rainfed wheat without affecting crop in semi-arid environment4. (Weston, 2005) 2 (Inderjit and Duke, 2003) 1 (Weston and Duke, 2003) 2 (Inderjit and Duke, 2003) Cont†¦.. †¢ Water Extracts of different plant parts have different allelopathic potential 1. †¢ Sunflower – possessed weed suppression ability 2 . †¢ The combination of two or more allelopathic aqueous extracts may act synergistically and cause more phyto-toxic effect on weeds 3. †¢ Mixing and applying sunflower and sorghum residue water extract (WE) may increase the spectrum of phytotoxic effects and may result in synergistic phytotoxic influences on weeds growth. 1 (Ben-Hammouda, et al. 001; Chung, et al. , 2003; Roth et al. , 2000) 2 (Bertholdsson, 2004; Singh et al. , 2001 ) 3 (Duke et al. , 2000; Cheema et al. , 2010) Cont†¦.. OBJECTI VES OF RESEARCH Overall objective: Evaluate the use of allelopathic crop residue collected from summer crop plants grown under drought and mineral stress conditions for weed management in wheat in semi-arid areas of Pakistan: Specific Objectives: †¢ Test water extracts (WE)of different plant parts of sorghum residue for weeds suppression in wheat. †¢ Evaluate the effects of sorghum residue mulch and sorghum WE for weed management in wheat. Investigate the influence of sole and combined sorghum and sunflower WE spray on weeds in wheat. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS †¢ Location: Three experiments were conducted at University Research Farm, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan (33o 46 N, 73o 08 E). / / †¢ ~500 m above the sea level †¢ Experimental years: successive Rabi (winter) seasons from 2007-2010. Cont†¦.. †¢ Environmental Characterization: Climate Rainfall and ET o 200 160 Rainfall and ET0 (mm) 160 143 120 ETo 80 40 0 Oct Nov Dec Jan Fe b Mar Apr Rain 140 121 Mean Monthly Rainfall (mm) 20 100 80 67 60 40 26 57 56 Sever Stress Period 27 21 7 15 39 43 20 0 Month Rainfall Distribution (1977-11) Source: Soil and water conservation Research Institute, Chakwal, Pakistan Growing Season Rainfall Period Monthly rain (mm) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April Total 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 Long-term Av. (1977-07) 0 42 30 0 166 147 14 20 7 15 27 39 56 43 Soil characteristics †¢ Rawal soil series (Inceptisol-silty-clay-loam, Typic Ustochrept USDA classification and Calcaric Cambisols FAO classification scheme) with †¢ Organic matter 0. 5%. †¢ pH 7. 40 †¢ Ece 3 dSm-1 Cont†¦.. Weed Flora †¢ Anagallis arvensis L. (Blue pimfernal), †¢ Chenopodium album L. (Lambs quarter), †¢ Fumaria indica L. (Fumitory), †¢ Medicago polymorpha L. (Bur clover) †¢ Avena fatua L. (Wild oat), †¢ Convolvulus arvensis L. (Field bindweed), †¢ Medicago denticulata L. (Denticulate Medick), †¢ Rumex dentatus L. (Toothed dock) and †¢ Melilotus indica L. (Sweet clover) The experimental area was free of noxious and perennial weed species. Treatments (Exp-1) †¢ Control (Un-weeded check) WE: Water extract Hand weeding at 60 days after sowing (DAS) †¢ Herbicide (Logron) @ 250 g ha-1 at 60 DAS †¢ Sorghum root WE spray @ 10 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS †¢ Sorghum stem WE spray @ 10 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS †¢ Sorghum leaf WE spray @ 10 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS †¢ Sorghum stem + root WE @ 5+5 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS †¢ Sorghum stem + leaf WE @ 5+5 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS †¢ Sorghum root + leaf WE @ 5+5 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Treatments (Exp-2) WE: Water extract †¢ Control (Un-weeded check) †¢ Hand weeding at 50 and 80 DAS †¢ Sorghum mulch @ 5 Mg ha-1 (Soil incorporated) †¢ Sorghum mulch @ 10 Mg ha-1 Soil incorporated) †¢ Sorghum WE @ 10 L ha-1 at 50 DAS. †¢ Sorghum WE @ 10 L ha-1 at 50 and 80 DAS. †¢ Sorgh um WE @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 DAS. †¢ Sorghum WE @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 and 80 DAS Treatments (Exp-3) †¢ Control (Un-weeded check) WE: Water extract †¢ Sunflower WE @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 DAS †¢ Sorghum WE @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 DAS †¢ Sunflower WE + sorghum WE @ 10 +10 L ha-1 at 50 DAS †¢ Sunflower WE @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 and 80 DAS †¢ Sorghum WE @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 and 80 DAS †¢ Sunflower WE + sorghum WE @ 10 + 10 L ha-1 at 50 and 80 DAS Research Methodology: Preparation of water extract †¢ Sunflower and sorghum plants were harvested at maturity, grains were separated and residue was sundried and chaffed with fodder cutter into 2 cm pieces. †¢ Chaffed residue was soaked in de-ionized water in 1:10 (1 kg each of herbage in 10 L of water) in separate containers for 24 h at room temperature to prepare water extract (WE) . †¢ WE from respective containers were obtained by filtering the mixture through a screen. The volume of respective filtrate was reduced twenty times by continuously boiling at 100 0C to prepare water extract (Cheema and Khaliq, 2000). Sowing and cultural practices †¢ Seedbed was prepared by giving four cultivations each followed by planking. †¢ Fertilizer @ 125- kg N and P2O5 ha-1 was applied at the time of seedbed preparation. †¢ Wheat cv. ‘Inqilab-91’ was seeded @125 kg ha-1 was during November with a single row hand drill in rows 30 cm apart. You read "Alle lopathy" in category "Papers" Layout design: RCBD with 4R; Eight rows 30 cm apart per treatment were maintained in plot size of 7. 0 x 2. 4 m. †¢ The wheat variety, sowing time, layout plan and other cultural practices were almost same for every year. Measures: Weeds †¢ Weed density †¢ Weed dry weight (biomass) Wheat †¢ Spike length (cm), †¢ Spikelets spike-1 †¢ Grains spike-1 †¢ Fertile tillers m-2 †¢ 1000-grain weight. Statistical analysis The data were subjected to analysis of variance technique. F-statistic was based on residual mean square error. The LSD at 5% level of probability was used for comparison of treatment means (Montgomery, 2001). RESULTS DISCUSSION Experiment # 1 Phyto-toxic effects of root, stem and leaf water extract of mature sorghum on Weeds density Dry weight Treatments Control (Un-weeded check) Hand weeding at 60 DAS Exp-1 Weed density ( m-2) 80 DAS 105 DAS Weeds dry weight (g m-2) 80 DAS 105 DAS 147 a 79 d (-46*) 132 a 78 f (-41) 36. 7 g (-72) 102 c (-22) 112 b (-15) 113 b (-14 88 e (-33) 94 de (-29) 102 cd (-23) 8. 52 2 a 12 e (-45) 5. 5 f (-75) 18 cd (-16) 20 b (-8) 20 b (-8) 17 d (-22) 17 cd (-20) 19 bc (-14) 1. 54 27 a 17 e (-38) 8. 77 f (-67) 21 c (-21) 24 b (-11) 23 b (-14) 18 e (-34) 20 d (-27) 27 c (-20) 1. 57 Herbicide (Logron) @ 250 g ha-1 34 e (-77) at 60 DAS Sorghum root WE spray @ 10 L 117 c (-21) ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum stem WE spray @ 10 L 129 b (-12) ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum leaf WE spray @ 10 L 127 b (-14) ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum stem + root WE@ 5+5 L 113 c (-23) ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum stem + leaf WE@ 5+5 L 111 c (-24) ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum root + leaf WE @ 5+ 5 121 bc (-18) L ha-1 60 and 80 DAS LSD (0. 05) 10. 41 * Figures in parenthesis show % decrease in weed density/dry weight compared to control. Effect of root, stem and leaf water extract of mature sorghum on yield components and wheat grain yield Treatments Control (Un-weeded check) Tillers (m-2) Spike length (cm) Spikelet # spike-1 Grains # 1000-Grain spike-1 weight (g) Exp-1 Grain yield (T ha-1) 345e Hand weeding at 60 DAS 396b Herbicide (Logron) @ 250 g 427a ha-1 at 60 DAS Sorghum root WE spray @ 10 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum stem WE spray @ 10 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum leaf WE spray @ 10 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum stem + root WE@ 5+5 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum stem + leaf WE@ 5+5 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum root + leaf WE @ 5+ 5 L ha-1 60 and 80 DAS LSD (0. 05) 9. 0e 10. 3abcd 11. 2a 10. 0bcde 9. 5de 9. 8cde 10. 9 ab 10. abc 10. 7 abc 1. 03 20. 7 21. 0 20. 9 21. 1 20. 5 21. 1 20. 2 21. 0 20. 2 – 41. 7c 47. 3ab 49. 4a 48. 8ab 47. 3ab 46. 1b 49. 0ab 48. 0ab 48. 0ab 3. 04 32. 5e 33. 7d 34. 6bc 35. 6a 33. 6d 33. 1de 36. 0a 33. 9cd 35. 2ab 0. 90 2. 76f 3. 2bc (+18) 3. 5a (+26) 3. 1cde (+12) 3. 0de 2. 9ef (+8) (+6) 365cde 353de 349e 357de 385bc 376bcd 54. 45 3. 3ab (+20) 3. 3abc (+19) 3. 2bcd (+14) 213. 2 * Figures in parenthesis show % decrease in weed density/dry weight compared to control. FINDINGS FROM EXPERIMENT # 1: †¢ Sorghum stem + root WE@ 5+5 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS treatment caused 33% reduction in weed density and dry weight by about; †¢ This reduction was 41% in hand weeding and 72% by the application of Logron @ 250 g ha-1 at 60 DAS †¢ The increase in grain yield in stem + root and stem + leaf WE treatments were statistically same as in hand weeding and herbicide application. Cont†¦.. Experiment # 2 RESULTS DISCUSSION FINDINGS FROM EXPERIMENT # 2: †¢ Data showed that incorporation of sorghum herbage mulch @ 10 Mg ha-1 and twotimes sprays of Sorghum water extract @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 and 80 DAS decreased weeds density by about 42%, and weeds dry weight by 34%, respectively compared to control measured at 95DAS. †¢ Maximum increase (33%) in wheat grain yield was recorded in plots where two times Sorghum WE @ 20 L ha-1 was sprayed at 50 and 80 DAS over control. Cont†¦.. Experiment # 3 RESULTS DISCUSSION FINDING FROM EXPERIMENT # 3: †¢ Sorghum water extract was more effective than sunflower water extract and combination of both these extracts performed better than their sole application. Cont†¦.. CONCLUSION I. Stem + root water extract suppressed weed density by 33% over control i. e. about half of the effects of herbicide â€Å"Logron† application (72%) in wheat. The increase in grain yield in stem + root and stem + leaf WE treatments was statistically at par with hand weeding and herbicide application. Although root WE alone and in combination with stem or leaf WE was more effective in suppressing weeds and improving wheat yields but using whole plant sorghum herbage seems more practicable. II. Incorporation of sorghum herbage mulch @ 10 Mg ha-1 and two times sprays of sorghum WE @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 and 80 DAS decreased weeds density by about 42%, and weeds dry weight by 34%, respectively compared to control measured at 95 DAS. Maximum increase in wheat grain yield by 33% over control was recorded in plots where two times sorghum WE @ 20 L ha-1 was sprayed at 50 and 80 DAS. III. Sorghum WE was more effective than sunflower WE and mixture of sorghum and sunflower reduced weed density and weed dry weight by 27% and 26% over control respectively, and increased wheat yields by 48% over control. RECOMMENDATION †¢ The mixture of preceding allelopathic crop herbage use as mulch or water extract for weed management both for summer and winter crops need to be further investigated under different ecological zones of Pakistan. Muhammad Ashraf Professor of Agronomy drashraf_150@yahoo. com How to cite Allelopathy, Papers

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string(51) " with a single row hand drill in rows 30 cm apart\." Allelopathic potential of crop residues for weed management in wheat under semi-arid conditions of Pakistan Muhammad Ashraf Professor of Agronomy, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. drashraf_150@yahoo. com RATIONALE †¢ Rainfed Wheat- Main winter crop grown by about 80% of the farmers on residual soil moisture, received during monsoon1. We will write a custom essay sample on Allelopathy or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢ Weeds infestation- a major yield reducing factor (25-30%v); †¢ If weeds are controlled, crop yield can be enhanced by about 37%2. 1 Khaliq et al. , 2007) 2 (Bibi et al. , 2005). Cont†¦.. Existing Weed Control systems: †¢ Traditional weed control methods (Hand weeding) are time consuming, weather dependent and labor intensive1 ; + Socio-economic issues:[small land holdings, family size =8, poverty, migration to cities] †¢ Herbicides use is limited in drylands + these are expensive with Environmental hazards2; Reduced Nutritive value of many crops 3 and Herbicide resistance4. 1 (Naveed et al. , 2008) 2 (Mancini et al. , 2008) 3 (Nazarko et al. , 2003). Cont†¦.. †¢ WM programs should focus on environmental safety along with benefits to the farmers. Alternate weed management systems need to be developed aimed to control weeds and raise the income of resource-poor farmers (increased crop yields) without despoiling the natural resource base. ALTERNATE WEED MANAGEMENT OPTIONS †¢ Allelopathy ? a mechanism of plant interference1 is a natural, inexpensive, environmentally safe and an organic approach to control weeds and increase crop yields while cons erving the ecosystem2. †¢ Sorghum is highly allelopathic3 †¢ Sorghum residue may be effectively used to manage some of the important weeds in rainfed wheat without affecting crop in semi-arid environment4. (Weston, 2005) 2 (Inderjit and Duke, 2003) 1 (Weston and Duke, 2003) 2 (Inderjit and Duke, 2003) Cont†¦.. †¢ Water Extracts of different plant parts have different allelopathic potential 1. †¢ Sunflower – possessed weed suppression ability 2 . †¢ The combination of two or more allelopathic aqueous extracts may act synergistically and cause more phyto-toxic effect on weeds 3. †¢ Mixing and applying sunflower and sorghum residue water extract (WE) may increase the spectrum of phytotoxic effects and may result in synergistic phytotoxic influences on weeds growth. 1 (Ben-Hammouda, et al. 001; Chung, et al. , 2003; Roth et al. , 2000) 2 (Bertholdsson, 2004; Singh et al. , 2001 ) 3 (Duke et al. , 2000; Cheema et al. , 2010) Cont†¦.. OBJECTI VES OF RESEARCH Overall objective: Evaluate the use of allelopathic crop residue collected from summer crop plants grown under drought and mineral stress conditions for weed management in wheat in semi-arid areas of Pakistan: Specific Objectives: †¢ Test water extracts (WE)of different plant parts of sorghum residue for weeds suppression in wheat. †¢ Evaluate the effects of sorghum residue mulch and sorghum WE for weed management in wheat. Investigate the influence of sole and combined sorghum and sunflower WE spray on weeds in wheat. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS †¢ Location: Three experiments were conducted at University Research Farm, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan (33o 46 N, 73o 08 E). / / †¢ ~500 m above the sea level †¢ Experimental years: successive Rabi (winter) seasons from 2007-2010. Cont†¦.. †¢ Environmental Characterization: Climate Rainfall and ET o 200 160 Rainfall and ET0 (mm) 160 143 120 ETo 80 40 0 Oct Nov Dec Jan Fe b Mar Apr Rain 140 121 Mean Monthly Rainfall (mm) 20 100 80 67 60 40 26 57 56 Sever Stress Period 27 21 7 15 39 43 20 0 Month Rainfall Distribution (1977-11) Source: Soil and water conservation Research Institute, Chakwal, Pakistan Growing Season Rainfall Period Monthly rain (mm) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April Total 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 Long-term Av. (1977-07) 0 42 30 0 166 147 14 20 7 15 27 39 56 43 Soil characteristics †¢ Rawal soil series (Inceptisol-silty-clay-loam, Typic Ustochrept USDA classification and Calcaric Cambisols FAO classification scheme) with †¢ Organic matter 0. 5%. †¢ pH 7. 40 †¢ Ece 3 dSm-1 Cont†¦.. Weed Flora †¢ Anagallis arvensis L. (Blue pimfernal), †¢ Chenopodium album L. (Lambs quarter), †¢ Fumaria indica L. (Fumitory), †¢ Medicago polymorpha L. (Bur clover) †¢ Avena fatua L. (Wild oat), †¢ Convolvulus arvensis L. (Field bindweed), †¢ Medicago denticulata L. (Denticulate Medick), †¢ Rumex dentatus L. (Toothed dock) and †¢ Melilotus indica L. (Sweet clover) The experimental area was free of noxious and perennial weed species. Treatments (Exp-1) †¢ Control (Un-weeded check) WE: Water extract Hand weeding at 60 days after sowing (DAS) †¢ Herbicide (Logron) @ 250 g ha-1 at 60 DAS †¢ Sorghum root WE spray @ 10 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS †¢ Sorghum stem WE spray @ 10 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS †¢ Sorghum leaf WE spray @ 10 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS †¢ Sorghum stem + root WE @ 5+5 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS †¢ Sorghum stem + leaf WE @ 5+5 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS †¢ Sorghum root + leaf WE @ 5+5 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Treatments (Exp-2) WE: Water extract †¢ Control (Un-weeded check) †¢ Hand weeding at 50 and 80 DAS †¢ Sorghum mulch @ 5 Mg ha-1 (Soil incorporated) †¢ Sorghum mulch @ 10 Mg ha-1 Soil incorporated) †¢ Sorghum WE @ 10 L ha-1 at 50 DAS. †¢ Sorghum WE @ 10 L ha-1 at 50 and 80 DAS. †¢ Sorgh um WE @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 DAS. †¢ Sorghum WE @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 and 80 DAS Treatments (Exp-3) †¢ Control (Un-weeded check) WE: Water extract †¢ Sunflower WE @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 DAS †¢ Sorghum WE @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 DAS †¢ Sunflower WE + sorghum WE @ 10 +10 L ha-1 at 50 DAS †¢ Sunflower WE @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 and 80 DAS †¢ Sorghum WE @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 and 80 DAS †¢ Sunflower WE + sorghum WE @ 10 + 10 L ha-1 at 50 and 80 DAS Research Methodology: Preparation of water extract †¢ Sunflower and sorghum plants were harvested at maturity, grains were separated and residue was sundried and chaffed with fodder cutter into 2 cm pieces. †¢ Chaffed residue was soaked in de-ionized water in 1:10 (1 kg each of herbage in 10 L of water) in separate containers for 24 h at room temperature to prepare water extract (WE) . †¢ WE from respective containers were obtained by filtering the mixture through a screen. The volume of respective filtrate was reduced twenty times by continuously boiling at 100 0C to prepare water extract (Cheema and Khaliq, 2000). Sowing and cultural practices †¢ Seedbed was prepared by giving four cultivations each followed by planking. †¢ Fertilizer @ 125- kg N and P2O5 ha-1 was applied at the time of seedbed preparation. †¢ Wheat cv. ‘Inqilab-91’ was seeded @125 kg ha-1 was during November with a single row hand drill in rows 30 cm apart. You read "Alle lopathy" in category "Papers" Layout design: RCBD with 4R; Eight rows 30 cm apart per treatment were maintained in plot size of 7. 0 x 2. 4 m. †¢ The wheat variety, sowing time, layout plan and other cultural practices were almost same for every year. Measures: Weeds †¢ Weed density †¢ Weed dry weight (biomass) Wheat †¢ Spike length (cm), †¢ Spikelets spike-1 †¢ Grains spike-1 †¢ Fertile tillers m-2 †¢ 1000-grain weight. Statistical analysis The data were subjected to analysis of variance technique. F-statistic was based on residual mean square error. The LSD at 5% level of probability was used for comparison of treatment means (Montgomery, 2001). RESULTS DISCUSSION Experiment # 1 Phyto-toxic effects of root, stem and leaf water extract of mature sorghum on Weeds density Dry weight Treatments Control (Un-weeded check) Hand weeding at 60 DAS Exp-1 Weed density ( m-2) 80 DAS 105 DAS Weeds dry weight (g m-2) 80 DAS 105 DAS 147 a 79 d (-46*) 132 a 78 f (-41) 36. 7 g (-72) 102 c (-22) 112 b (-15) 113 b (-14 88 e (-33) 94 de (-29) 102 cd (-23) 8. 52 2 a 12 e (-45) 5. 5 f (-75) 18 cd (-16) 20 b (-8) 20 b (-8) 17 d (-22) 17 cd (-20) 19 bc (-14) 1. 54 27 a 17 e (-38) 8. 77 f (-67) 21 c (-21) 24 b (-11) 23 b (-14) 18 e (-34) 20 d (-27) 27 c (-20) 1. 57 Herbicide (Logron) @ 250 g ha-1 34 e (-77) at 60 DAS Sorghum root WE spray @ 10 L 117 c (-21) ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum stem WE spray @ 10 L 129 b (-12) ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum leaf WE spray @ 10 L 127 b (-14) ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum stem + root WE@ 5+5 L 113 c (-23) ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum stem + leaf WE@ 5+5 L 111 c (-24) ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum root + leaf WE @ 5+ 5 121 bc (-18) L ha-1 60 and 80 DAS LSD (0. 05) 10. 41 * Figures in parenthesis show % decrease in weed density/dry weight compared to control. Effect of root, stem and leaf water extract of mature sorghum on yield components and wheat grain yield Treatments Control (Un-weeded check) Tillers (m-2) Spike length (cm) Spikelet # spike-1 Grains # 1000-Grain spike-1 weight (g) Exp-1 Grain yield (T ha-1) 345e Hand weeding at 60 DAS 396b Herbicide (Logron) @ 250 g 427a ha-1 at 60 DAS Sorghum root WE spray @ 10 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum stem WE spray @ 10 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum leaf WE spray @ 10 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum stem + root WE@ 5+5 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum stem + leaf WE@ 5+5 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS Sorghum root + leaf WE @ 5+ 5 L ha-1 60 and 80 DAS LSD (0. 05) 9. 0e 10. 3abcd 11. 2a 10. 0bcde 9. 5de 9. 8cde 10. 9 ab 10. abc 10. 7 abc 1. 03 20. 7 21. 0 20. 9 21. 1 20. 5 21. 1 20. 2 21. 0 20. 2 – 41. 7c 47. 3ab 49. 4a 48. 8ab 47. 3ab 46. 1b 49. 0ab 48. 0ab 48. 0ab 3. 04 32. 5e 33. 7d 34. 6bc 35. 6a 33. 6d 33. 1de 36. 0a 33. 9cd 35. 2ab 0. 90 2. 76f 3. 2bc (+18) 3. 5a (+26) 3. 1cde (+12) 3. 0de 2. 9ef (+8) (+6) 365cde 353de 349e 357de 385bc 376bcd 54. 45 3. 3ab (+20) 3. 3abc (+19) 3. 2bcd (+14) 213. 2 * Figures in parenthesis show % decrease in weed density/dry weight compared to control. FINDINGS FROM EXPERIMENT # 1: †¢ Sorghum stem + root WE@ 5+5 L ha-1 at 60 and 80 DAS treatment caused 33% reduction in weed density and dry weight by about; †¢ This reduction was 41% in hand weeding and 72% by the application of Logron @ 250 g ha-1 at 60 DAS †¢ The increase in grain yield in stem + root and stem + leaf WE treatments were statistically same as in hand weeding and herbicide application. Cont†¦.. Experiment # 2 RESULTS DISCUSSION FINDINGS FROM EXPERIMENT # 2: †¢ Data showed that incorporation of sorghum herbage mulch @ 10 Mg ha-1 and twotimes sprays of Sorghum water extract @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 and 80 DAS decreased weeds density by about 42%, and weeds dry weight by 34%, respectively compared to control measured at 95DAS. †¢ Maximum increase (33%) in wheat grain yield was recorded in plots where two times Sorghum WE @ 20 L ha-1 was sprayed at 50 and 80 DAS over control. Cont†¦.. Experiment # 3 RESULTS DISCUSSION FINDING FROM EXPERIMENT # 3: †¢ Sorghum water extract was more effective than sunflower water extract and combination of both these extracts performed better than their sole application. Cont†¦.. CONCLUSION I. Stem + root water extract suppressed weed density by 33% over control i. e. about half of the effects of herbicide â€Å"Logron† application (72%) in wheat. The increase in grain yield in stem + root and stem + leaf WE treatments was statistically at par with hand weeding and herbicide application. Although root WE alone and in combination with stem or leaf WE was more effective in suppressing weeds and improving wheat yields but using whole plant sorghum herbage seems more practicable. II. Incorporation of sorghum herbage mulch @ 10 Mg ha-1 and two times sprays of sorghum WE @ 20 L ha-1 at 50 and 80 DAS decreased weeds density by about 42%, and weeds dry weight by 34%, respectively compared to control measured at 95 DAS. Maximum increase in wheat grain yield by 33% over control was recorded in plots where two times sorghum WE @ 20 L ha-1 was sprayed at 50 and 80 DAS. III. Sorghum WE was more effective than sunflower WE and mixture of sorghum and sunflower reduced weed density and weed dry weight by 27% and 26% over control respectively, and increased wheat yields by 48% over control. RECOMMENDATION †¢ The mixture of preceding allelopathic crop herbage use as mulch or water extract for weed management both for summer and winter crops need to be further investigated under different ecological zones of Pakistan. Muhammad Ashraf Professor of Agronomy drashraf_150@yahoo. com How to cite Allelopathy, Papers